The transport system and transport policy : an introduction /
edited by Bert van Wee, Jan Anne Annema, David Banister.
- Cheltenham, UK : Edward Elgar Publishing ; 2013
- xxiv, 399 p. : il. ; 25 cm.
Incluye bibliografía e indices
List of contributors
xvii
List of abbreviations
xix
Preface xxiii
1 Introduction
1 (3)
Bert van Wee
Jan Anne Annema
David Banister
2 The traffic and transport system and effects on accessibility, the environment and safety: an introduction
4 (15)
Bert van Wee
The needs, desires, wants, preferences and choice options of people
7 (1)
Where activities take place - location
8 (1)
Transport resistance
8 (2)
Interactions between categories of factors
10 (1)
Demography
10 (1)
Travel for the fun of it
11 (1)
Goods transport
11 (1)
Technology
11 (1)
Spatial and temporal distribution of traffic and activities
12 (1)
The evaluation of policy options
13 (1)
Accessibility
13 (1)
The environment
14 (1)
Safety
14 (1)
To sum up
14 (1)
Note
15 (1)
References
15 (4)
Part I The transport system
3 Individual needs, opportunities and travel behaviour: a multidisciplinary perspective based on psychology, economics and geography
19 (32)
Martin Dijst
Piet Rietveld
Linda Steg
3.1 Introduction
19 (1)
3.2 Travel behaviour and socio-demographics
20 (4)
3.3 Conceptual model travel behaviour
24 (4)
3.4 Behavioural choice from a psychological perspective
28 (7)
3.4.1 Motivational factors: three lines of research
28 (1)
Weighing costs and benefits
28 (2)
Moral and normative concerns
30 (1)
Affect
31 (1)
An integrative perspective on environmental motivation
32 (1)
3.4.2 Contextual factors
33 (1)
3.4.3 Habitual behaviour
33 (2)
3.5 Behavioural choice from an economic perspective
35 (5)
3.5.1 Value of travel time
37 (1)
3.5.2 Price elasticity
38 (1)
3.5.3 Travel time elasticity
39 (1)
3.5.4 Income elasticity
39 (1)
3.6 Behavioural choice from a geographical perspective
40 (5)
3.6.1 Fixation in time and space
43 (1)
3.6.2 Travel time ratio
44 (1)
3.6.3 Application of geographical perspective
44 (1)
3.7 Conclusions and synthesis
45 (6)
References
47 (4)
4 Freight transport demand: indicators, determinants and drivers of change
51 (27)
Lorant Tavasszy
Kees Ruijgrok
4.1 Introduction
51 (1)
4.2 Indicators of freight transport demand
52 (7)
4.2.1 Weight lifted
52 (3)
4.2.2 Transport performance
55 (3)
4.2.3 Traffic performance
58 (1)
4.2.4 Evolution of the different indicators
58 (1)
4.3 Logistics determinants of freight transport demand
59 (7)
4.3.1 Introduction
59 (1)
4.3.2 Production
60 (1)
4.3.3 Inventories
61 (2)
4.3.4 Transport logistics
63 (3)
4.4 Drivers of change in freight transport demand
66 (9)
4.4.1 Introduction
66 (1)
4.4.2 Economic growth
66 (3)
4.4.3 Globalization and cost changes
69 (2)
4.4.4 Mass individualization
71 (2)
4.4.5 Future logistics structures: differentiation and dynamics
73 (2)
4.5 Conclusions
75 (3)
Notes
76 (1)
References
76 (2)
5 Land use and transport
78 (23)
Bert van Wee
5.1 Introduction
78 (1)
5.2 A conceptual model for trends in passenger transport - the link with
Chapter 2
79 (1)
5.3 Why should and how can land use affect travel behaviour?
79 (5)
5.3.1 The potential impacts of land use on travel behaviour: the theory of utilitarian travel demand
80 (1)
5.3.2 Key land-use variables and their impact on travel behaviour
80 (1)
Density
80 (1)
Mixed land use
81 (1)
Neighbourhood design
82 (1)
Distance to public transport connections
82 (1)
Interactions between determinants
82 (1)
5.3.3 Relationships between land-use variables, other variables and travel behaviour
83 (1)
5.4 The impact of land use on transport - a short overview of the literature
84 (4)
5.4.1 Densities
85 (1)
5.4.2 Mixed use
86 (1)
5.4.3 Neighbourhood design
86 (1)
5.4.4 Distance to public transport connections
86 (1)
5.4.5 Attitudes, lifestyles and preferences for modes, residential self-selection, and SEM models
87 (1)
5.5 Why are the conclusions different?
88 (3)
5.5.1 The research method
88 (1)
5.5.2 The level of difference in crucial factors
88 (1)
5.5.3 The geographical scale
88 (1)
5.5.4 The time horizon
89 (1)
5.5.5 Differences between countries
89 (1)
5.5.6 Indirect effects
90 (1)
5.5.7 The impact of policy
90 (1)
5.6 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: indicators and evaluation methods
91 (4)
5.6.1 Indicators
91 (1)
Accessibility
91 (1)
The option value
92 (1)
The consumer surplus
92 (1)
Safety
92 (1)
Health impacts due to exercise
93 (1)
Environmental impacts
93 (1)
Valuation by the people
93 (1)
Financial aspects
93 (1)
Robustness
94 (1)
5.6.2 Evaluation methods
94 (1)
5.7 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: the environment versus accessibility
95 (2)
5.8 Conclusions and discussion
97 (4)
Notes
97 (1)
References
98 (3)
6 Transport resistance factors: time, money and effort
101 (24)
Jan Anne Annema
6.1 Introduction
101 (1)
6.2 The role of travel time in passenger transport
102 (9)
Travel time components
102 (2)
Value of time
104 (1)
Constant time budgets
105 (3)
Travel time elasticities and induced traffic
108 (2)
Cross-travel time elasticities
110 (1)
6.3 The role of travel monetary costs in passenger transport
111 (3)
Constant money cost budgets
111 (1)
Price and monetary cost elasticities
112 (2)
6.4 Effort resistance factors
114 (4)
Discomfort and physical effort
115 (1)
Reliability
115 (1)
Travel information
116 (1)
Travellers' feelings of safety
116 (1)
Accident risk
117 (1)
Mental strain, stress
117 (1)
Specific constants
117 (1)
6.5 Goods transport and resistance factors
118 (3)
Transit time
118 (1)
Monetary costs
119 (1)
Transport service
120 (1)
6.6 Conclusions
121 (4)
References
121 (4)
7 Traffic flow theory and modelling
125 (38)
Serge Hoogendoorn
Victor Knoop
7.1 Introduction
125 (2)
7.2 Vehicle trajectories and microscopic flow variables
127 (2)
Gross and net headways
128 (1)
Gross and net distance headways
129 (1)
7.3 Macroscopic flow variables
129 (5)
Traditional definitions of flow, density and speed
130 (1)
Continuity equation
131 (2)
Generalized traffic flow variables
133 (1)
7.4 Microscopic and macroscopic flow characteristics
134 (8)
Headway distributions
135 (2)
Desired speed distributions
137 (1)
Gap acceptance and critical gaps
138 (1)
Capacity and capacity estimation
139 (1)
Fundamental diagrams
140 (2)
7.5 Traffic flow dynamics and self-organization
142 (5)
Capacity drop
142 (1)
Traffic hysteresis
143 (1)
Three-phase traffic flows, phase transitions and self-organization
144 (3)
7.6 Multi-lane traffic flow facilities
147 (1)
7.7 Traffic flow models
147 (4)
Safe-distance models
149 (1)
Stimulus response models
150 (1)
Psycho-spacing models
151 (1)
7.8 Macroscopic traffic flow models
151 (4)
Deterministic and stochastic queuing theory
151 (2)
Shockwave theory
153 (1)
Continuum traffic flow models
154 (1)
7.9 Network dynamics
155 (2)
Macroscopic fundamental diagram
155 (1)
Causes of network degeneration
156 (1)
7.10 Conclusions
157 (6)
References
157 (6)
Part II Impacts of the transport system
8 Transport technology to reduce transport's negative impacts
163 (44)
Jan Anne Annema
Robert van den Brink
Leonie Walta
8.1 Introduction
163 (1)
8.2 The evolution of transport technology
164 (2)
8.3 Implementing new transportation technology to solve negative impacts: a policy perspective
166 (9)
Innovation and selection towards an imperfect system
167 (3)
Lock-in and co-evolution
170 (1)
System innovations (transitions)
170 (3)
A political economy model
173 (2)
8.4 Technological innovations to reduce transport air pollution
175 (4)
The problem
175 (1)
Past and current technological changes
175 (4)
Future
179 (1)
8.5 Climate change and oil dependency
179 (8)
The problem
179 (1)
Past and current technological changes
180 (3)
Future technology
183 (4)
8.6 Noise
187 (4)
The problem
187 (1)
Road transport
187 (2)
Aviation (based on ICAO, 2008)
189 (2)
8.7 Safety
191 (4)
The problem
191 (1)
Past and current technological changes
191 (1)
Future
192 (3)
8.8 Congestion
195 (4)
The problem
195 (1)
Past and current technology
195 (1)
Pricing policies
196 (2)
Future
198 (1)
8.9 The nature of technologies and the dynamics
199 (2)
8.10 Conclusions
201 (6)
Notes
202 (1)
References
202 (5)
9 Accessibility: perspectives, measures and applications
207 (20)
Karst Geurs
Bert van Wee
9.1 Introduction
207 (1)
9.2 Perspectives on accessibility
208 (1)
9.3 Components of accessibility
209 (2)
9.4 Operationalization of accessibility measures
211 (4)
9.5 Choosing and using accessibility measures
215 (3)
Purpose of the study
215 (1)
Scientific quality
216 (1)
Operationalization (cost, ease)
217 (1)
Interpretability and communicability
217 (1)
9.6 Two examples of accessibility measures
218 (4)
Potential accessibility measures
218 (2)
Logsum accessibility measure
220 (2)
9.7 Conclusions and future trends in accessibility studies
222 (5)
References
224 (3)
10 Transport and the environment
227 (27)
Bert van Wee
David Banister
Jan Anne Annema
Karst Geurs
10.1 Introduction
227 (1)
10.2 Overview of the environmental problems of transport
228 (2)
10.3 Data and trends in transport CO2 emissions and oil use
230 (4)
Oil dependency, peak oil
232 (2)
10.4 Data and trends in air pollution
234 (2)
10.5 Data and trends in noise
236 (2)
10.6 A comparison of environmental performance of modalities
238 (2)
10.7 Transport environmental policy instruments
240 (4)
Regulations
241 (1)
Pricing
242 (1)
Land-use planning
243 (1)
Infrastructure
244 (1)
Public transport policies
244 (1)
Marketing, education, information and communication
244 (1)
10.8 Long-term environmental challenges
244 (5)
Long-term options to reduce oil dependency and CO2 emissions
245 (2)
Criteria to evaluate candidate policy options
247 (1)
The wider context of CO2 policies for transport
248 (1)
10.9 Conclusions
249 (5)
Notes
250 (1)
References
250 (4)
11 Traffic safety
254 (29)
Fred Wegman
11.1 Introduction
254 (1)
11.2 Risk factors in traffic
255 (3)
Fundamental risk factors
255 (1)
Risk-increasing factors
256 (2)
11.3 Cause: `unintentional errors' or `intentional violations'?
258 (2)
11.4 Transport modes, age groups and road types
260 (3)
11.5 Measuring safety and danger
263 (3)
11.6 Developments in road crashes
266 (3)
An example: the Netherlands
267 (2)
11.7 Shifts in road safety paradigms
269 (4)
11.8 Sustainable Safety
273 (5)
11.9 Conclusions
278 (5)
References
278 (5)
Part III Transport policy and research
12 Transport policy
283 (22)
Jan Anne Annema
12.1 Introduction
283 (2)
12.2 External effects of transport
285 (3)
External costs
285 (1)
Costs due to the use of transport means such as road vehicles, ships or aeroplanes
285 (2)
Costs due to transport means, ownership and availability
287 (1)
Costs due to infrastructure
287 (1)
External benefits
288 (1)
12.3 Maximizing welfare
288 (5)
The practice
293 (1)
12.4 Equity
293 (3)
12.5 Public choice theory
296 (1)
12.6 `Healthy' transport policies
297 (2)
12.7 Current transport policy
299 (3)
Accessibility
300 (1)
Environment and accidents
300 (2)
12.8 Conclusions
302 (3)
References
303 (2)
13 Transport futures research
305 (24)
Vincent Marchau
Jan Anne Annema
Warren Walker
Jan van der Waard
13.1 Introduction
305 (2)
13.2 Futures research and transport policy analysis
307 (5)
13.3 Level 3 approaches: forward-looking scenarios and exploratory modelling
312 (7)
Forward-looking scenarios
312 (5)
Pros and cons of the scenario approach
317 (1)
The exploratory modelling and analysis approach
317 (2)
13.4 The backcasting approach
319 (2)
13.5 Level 4 approaches: flexible and adaptive approaches
321 (4)
13.6 Conclusions
325 (4)
References
326 (3)
14 Appraisal methods for transport policy
329 (24)
Piet Rietveld
14.1 Introduction
329 (1)
14.2 Cost benefit analysis
330 (4)
14.3 Issues in SCBA
334 (3)
14.4 Valuation of environmental effects
337 (3)
14.5 Valuation of travel time
340 (4)
14.6 Multi-criteria analysis
344 (4)
14.7 Conclusions
348 (5)
Notes
350 (1)
References
350 (3)
15 Transportation models and their applications
353 (30)
Toon van der Hoorn
Bert van Wee
15.1 Introduction
353 (1)
15.2 Kinds of models
354 (5)
Descriptive versus exploratory models
354 (1)
Spatial versus non-spatial models
355 (1)
Aggregated versus disaggregated models
356 (1)
Static versus dynamic models
356 (1)
Models based on revealed preference or based on stated preference
357 (1)
Models for travel versus models for activities
357 (1)
Methods that do versus models that do not take into account the effects of transport on land use and on the economy
358 (1)
Models for passenger transport versus freight transport
359 (1)
15.3 Elasticities
359 (2)
15.4 The traditional aggregated model
361 (2)
15.5 Disaggregated models
363 (3)
15.6 Validation of models
366 (1)
15.7 Some examples of models
366 (10)
The Dutch National Model System
367 (5)
Quality of the model
372 (1)
DYNAMO
372 (2)
Activity-based model
374 (1)
Freight module in TRANS-TOOLS
375 (1)
15.8 What can and what can't a model be used for?
376 (3)
15.9 Conclusions
379 (4)
References
380 (3)
Index 383
Transporte impactos sobre las personas y las empresas de muchas maneras diferentes, y presenta algunos de los problemas clave que los tomadores de decisiones deben abordar. Este libro de texto introduce el sistema de transporte de una manera integral y multidisciplinar, que reúne a los componentes de una miríada de transporte. Este libro de texto está escrito para un público internacional de estudiantes de pregrado y postgrado en el transporte y otros temas relacionados, así como para los profesionales y tomadores de decisiones políticas a través de los sectores público y privado. Las características clave incluyen: La discusión de la importancia de la accesibilidad del transporte y los impactos del transporte sobre las cuestiones ambientales y de la política de seguridad en relación con todos los asuntos tratados y de las opciones futuras prescritos. Métodos de evaluación de transporte y métodos de modelización. Ejemplos para resaltar los vínculos entre los componentes del sistema de transporte - para las infraestructuras de ejemplo, el uso del suelo, las tecnologías de vehículos - y la importancia de estos vínculos para la toma de decisiones.
9780857936899 (hbk.) 0857936891 (hbk.) 9781781952047 (pbk.) 1781952043 (pbk.)
TRANSPORTE
TRANSPORTE Y ESTADO
388 / T715
Incluye bibliografía e indices
List of contributors
xvii
List of abbreviations
xix
Preface xxiii
1 Introduction
1 (3)
Bert van Wee
Jan Anne Annema
David Banister
2 The traffic and transport system and effects on accessibility, the environment and safety: an introduction
4 (15)
Bert van Wee
The needs, desires, wants, preferences and choice options of people
7 (1)
Where activities take place - location
8 (1)
Transport resistance
8 (2)
Interactions between categories of factors
10 (1)
Demography
10 (1)
Travel for the fun of it
11 (1)
Goods transport
11 (1)
Technology
11 (1)
Spatial and temporal distribution of traffic and activities
12 (1)
The evaluation of policy options
13 (1)
Accessibility
13 (1)
The environment
14 (1)
Safety
14 (1)
To sum up
14 (1)
Note
15 (1)
References
15 (4)
Part I The transport system
3 Individual needs, opportunities and travel behaviour: a multidisciplinary perspective based on psychology, economics and geography
19 (32)
Martin Dijst
Piet Rietveld
Linda Steg
3.1 Introduction
19 (1)
3.2 Travel behaviour and socio-demographics
20 (4)
3.3 Conceptual model travel behaviour
24 (4)
3.4 Behavioural choice from a psychological perspective
28 (7)
3.4.1 Motivational factors: three lines of research
28 (1)
Weighing costs and benefits
28 (2)
Moral and normative concerns
30 (1)
Affect
31 (1)
An integrative perspective on environmental motivation
32 (1)
3.4.2 Contextual factors
33 (1)
3.4.3 Habitual behaviour
33 (2)
3.5 Behavioural choice from an economic perspective
35 (5)
3.5.1 Value of travel time
37 (1)
3.5.2 Price elasticity
38 (1)
3.5.3 Travel time elasticity
39 (1)
3.5.4 Income elasticity
39 (1)
3.6 Behavioural choice from a geographical perspective
40 (5)
3.6.1 Fixation in time and space
43 (1)
3.6.2 Travel time ratio
44 (1)
3.6.3 Application of geographical perspective
44 (1)
3.7 Conclusions and synthesis
45 (6)
References
47 (4)
4 Freight transport demand: indicators, determinants and drivers of change
51 (27)
Lorant Tavasszy
Kees Ruijgrok
4.1 Introduction
51 (1)
4.2 Indicators of freight transport demand
52 (7)
4.2.1 Weight lifted
52 (3)
4.2.2 Transport performance
55 (3)
4.2.3 Traffic performance
58 (1)
4.2.4 Evolution of the different indicators
58 (1)
4.3 Logistics determinants of freight transport demand
59 (7)
4.3.1 Introduction
59 (1)
4.3.2 Production
60 (1)
4.3.3 Inventories
61 (2)
4.3.4 Transport logistics
63 (3)
4.4 Drivers of change in freight transport demand
66 (9)
4.4.1 Introduction
66 (1)
4.4.2 Economic growth
66 (3)
4.4.3 Globalization and cost changes
69 (2)
4.4.4 Mass individualization
71 (2)
4.4.5 Future logistics structures: differentiation and dynamics
73 (2)
4.5 Conclusions
75 (3)
Notes
76 (1)
References
76 (2)
5 Land use and transport
78 (23)
Bert van Wee
5.1 Introduction
78 (1)
5.2 A conceptual model for trends in passenger transport - the link with
Chapter 2
79 (1)
5.3 Why should and how can land use affect travel behaviour?
79 (5)
5.3.1 The potential impacts of land use on travel behaviour: the theory of utilitarian travel demand
80 (1)
5.3.2 Key land-use variables and their impact on travel behaviour
80 (1)
Density
80 (1)
Mixed land use
81 (1)
Neighbourhood design
82 (1)
Distance to public transport connections
82 (1)
Interactions between determinants
82 (1)
5.3.3 Relationships between land-use variables, other variables and travel behaviour
83 (1)
5.4 The impact of land use on transport - a short overview of the literature
84 (4)
5.4.1 Densities
85 (1)
5.4.2 Mixed use
86 (1)
5.4.3 Neighbourhood design
86 (1)
5.4.4 Distance to public transport connections
86 (1)
5.4.5 Attitudes, lifestyles and preferences for modes, residential self-selection, and SEM models
87 (1)
5.5 Why are the conclusions different?
88 (3)
5.5.1 The research method
88 (1)
5.5.2 The level of difference in crucial factors
88 (1)
5.5.3 The geographical scale
88 (1)
5.5.4 The time horizon
89 (1)
5.5.5 Differences between countries
89 (1)
5.5.6 Indirect effects
90 (1)
5.5.7 The impact of policy
90 (1)
5.6 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: indicators and evaluation methods
91 (4)
5.6.1 Indicators
91 (1)
Accessibility
91 (1)
The option value
92 (1)
The consumer surplus
92 (1)
Safety
92 (1)
Health impacts due to exercise
93 (1)
Environmental impacts
93 (1)
Valuation by the people
93 (1)
Financial aspects
93 (1)
Robustness
94 (1)
5.6.2 Evaluation methods
94 (1)
5.7 Evaluating the impact of land use on travel behaviour: the environment versus accessibility
95 (2)
5.8 Conclusions and discussion
97 (4)
Notes
97 (1)
References
98 (3)
6 Transport resistance factors: time, money and effort
101 (24)
Jan Anne Annema
6.1 Introduction
101 (1)
6.2 The role of travel time in passenger transport
102 (9)
Travel time components
102 (2)
Value of time
104 (1)
Constant time budgets
105 (3)
Travel time elasticities and induced traffic
108 (2)
Cross-travel time elasticities
110 (1)
6.3 The role of travel monetary costs in passenger transport
111 (3)
Constant money cost budgets
111 (1)
Price and monetary cost elasticities
112 (2)
6.4 Effort resistance factors
114 (4)
Discomfort and physical effort
115 (1)
Reliability
115 (1)
Travel information
116 (1)
Travellers' feelings of safety
116 (1)
Accident risk
117 (1)
Mental strain, stress
117 (1)
Specific constants
117 (1)
6.5 Goods transport and resistance factors
118 (3)
Transit time
118 (1)
Monetary costs
119 (1)
Transport service
120 (1)
6.6 Conclusions
121 (4)
References
121 (4)
7 Traffic flow theory and modelling
125 (38)
Serge Hoogendoorn
Victor Knoop
7.1 Introduction
125 (2)
7.2 Vehicle trajectories and microscopic flow variables
127 (2)
Gross and net headways
128 (1)
Gross and net distance headways
129 (1)
7.3 Macroscopic flow variables
129 (5)
Traditional definitions of flow, density and speed
130 (1)
Continuity equation
131 (2)
Generalized traffic flow variables
133 (1)
7.4 Microscopic and macroscopic flow characteristics
134 (8)
Headway distributions
135 (2)
Desired speed distributions
137 (1)
Gap acceptance and critical gaps
138 (1)
Capacity and capacity estimation
139 (1)
Fundamental diagrams
140 (2)
7.5 Traffic flow dynamics and self-organization
142 (5)
Capacity drop
142 (1)
Traffic hysteresis
143 (1)
Three-phase traffic flows, phase transitions and self-organization
144 (3)
7.6 Multi-lane traffic flow facilities
147 (1)
7.7 Traffic flow models
147 (4)
Safe-distance models
149 (1)
Stimulus response models
150 (1)
Psycho-spacing models
151 (1)
7.8 Macroscopic traffic flow models
151 (4)
Deterministic and stochastic queuing theory
151 (2)
Shockwave theory
153 (1)
Continuum traffic flow models
154 (1)
7.9 Network dynamics
155 (2)
Macroscopic fundamental diagram
155 (1)
Causes of network degeneration
156 (1)
7.10 Conclusions
157 (6)
References
157 (6)
Part II Impacts of the transport system
8 Transport technology to reduce transport's negative impacts
163 (44)
Jan Anne Annema
Robert van den Brink
Leonie Walta
8.1 Introduction
163 (1)
8.2 The evolution of transport technology
164 (2)
8.3 Implementing new transportation technology to solve negative impacts: a policy perspective
166 (9)
Innovation and selection towards an imperfect system
167 (3)
Lock-in and co-evolution
170 (1)
System innovations (transitions)
170 (3)
A political economy model
173 (2)
8.4 Technological innovations to reduce transport air pollution
175 (4)
The problem
175 (1)
Past and current technological changes
175 (4)
Future
179 (1)
8.5 Climate change and oil dependency
179 (8)
The problem
179 (1)
Past and current technological changes
180 (3)
Future technology
183 (4)
8.6 Noise
187 (4)
The problem
187 (1)
Road transport
187 (2)
Aviation (based on ICAO, 2008)
189 (2)
8.7 Safety
191 (4)
The problem
191 (1)
Past and current technological changes
191 (1)
Future
192 (3)
8.8 Congestion
195 (4)
The problem
195 (1)
Past and current technology
195 (1)
Pricing policies
196 (2)
Future
198 (1)
8.9 The nature of technologies and the dynamics
199 (2)
8.10 Conclusions
201 (6)
Notes
202 (1)
References
202 (5)
9 Accessibility: perspectives, measures and applications
207 (20)
Karst Geurs
Bert van Wee
9.1 Introduction
207 (1)
9.2 Perspectives on accessibility
208 (1)
9.3 Components of accessibility
209 (2)
9.4 Operationalization of accessibility measures
211 (4)
9.5 Choosing and using accessibility measures
215 (3)
Purpose of the study
215 (1)
Scientific quality
216 (1)
Operationalization (cost, ease)
217 (1)
Interpretability and communicability
217 (1)
9.6 Two examples of accessibility measures
218 (4)
Potential accessibility measures
218 (2)
Logsum accessibility measure
220 (2)
9.7 Conclusions and future trends in accessibility studies
222 (5)
References
224 (3)
10 Transport and the environment
227 (27)
Bert van Wee
David Banister
Jan Anne Annema
Karst Geurs
10.1 Introduction
227 (1)
10.2 Overview of the environmental problems of transport
228 (2)
10.3 Data and trends in transport CO2 emissions and oil use
230 (4)
Oil dependency, peak oil
232 (2)
10.4 Data and trends in air pollution
234 (2)
10.5 Data and trends in noise
236 (2)
10.6 A comparison of environmental performance of modalities
238 (2)
10.7 Transport environmental policy instruments
240 (4)
Regulations
241 (1)
Pricing
242 (1)
Land-use planning
243 (1)
Infrastructure
244 (1)
Public transport policies
244 (1)
Marketing, education, information and communication
244 (1)
10.8 Long-term environmental challenges
244 (5)
Long-term options to reduce oil dependency and CO2 emissions
245 (2)
Criteria to evaluate candidate policy options
247 (1)
The wider context of CO2 policies for transport
248 (1)
10.9 Conclusions
249 (5)
Notes
250 (1)
References
250 (4)
11 Traffic safety
254 (29)
Fred Wegman
11.1 Introduction
254 (1)
11.2 Risk factors in traffic
255 (3)
Fundamental risk factors
255 (1)
Risk-increasing factors
256 (2)
11.3 Cause: `unintentional errors' or `intentional violations'?
258 (2)
11.4 Transport modes, age groups and road types
260 (3)
11.5 Measuring safety and danger
263 (3)
11.6 Developments in road crashes
266 (3)
An example: the Netherlands
267 (2)
11.7 Shifts in road safety paradigms
269 (4)
11.8 Sustainable Safety
273 (5)
11.9 Conclusions
278 (5)
References
278 (5)
Part III Transport policy and research
12 Transport policy
283 (22)
Jan Anne Annema
12.1 Introduction
283 (2)
12.2 External effects of transport
285 (3)
External costs
285 (1)
Costs due to the use of transport means such as road vehicles, ships or aeroplanes
285 (2)
Costs due to transport means, ownership and availability
287 (1)
Costs due to infrastructure
287 (1)
External benefits
288 (1)
12.3 Maximizing welfare
288 (5)
The practice
293 (1)
12.4 Equity
293 (3)
12.5 Public choice theory
296 (1)
12.6 `Healthy' transport policies
297 (2)
12.7 Current transport policy
299 (3)
Accessibility
300 (1)
Environment and accidents
300 (2)
12.8 Conclusions
302 (3)
References
303 (2)
13 Transport futures research
305 (24)
Vincent Marchau
Jan Anne Annema
Warren Walker
Jan van der Waard
13.1 Introduction
305 (2)
13.2 Futures research and transport policy analysis
307 (5)
13.3 Level 3 approaches: forward-looking scenarios and exploratory modelling
312 (7)
Forward-looking scenarios
312 (5)
Pros and cons of the scenario approach
317 (1)
The exploratory modelling and analysis approach
317 (2)
13.4 The backcasting approach
319 (2)
13.5 Level 4 approaches: flexible and adaptive approaches
321 (4)
13.6 Conclusions
325 (4)
References
326 (3)
14 Appraisal methods for transport policy
329 (24)
Piet Rietveld
14.1 Introduction
329 (1)
14.2 Cost benefit analysis
330 (4)
14.3 Issues in SCBA
334 (3)
14.4 Valuation of environmental effects
337 (3)
14.5 Valuation of travel time
340 (4)
14.6 Multi-criteria analysis
344 (4)
14.7 Conclusions
348 (5)
Notes
350 (1)
References
350 (3)
15 Transportation models and their applications
353 (30)
Toon van der Hoorn
Bert van Wee
15.1 Introduction
353 (1)
15.2 Kinds of models
354 (5)
Descriptive versus exploratory models
354 (1)
Spatial versus non-spatial models
355 (1)
Aggregated versus disaggregated models
356 (1)
Static versus dynamic models
356 (1)
Models based on revealed preference or based on stated preference
357 (1)
Models for travel versus models for activities
357 (1)
Methods that do versus models that do not take into account the effects of transport on land use and on the economy
358 (1)
Models for passenger transport versus freight transport
359 (1)
15.3 Elasticities
359 (2)
15.4 The traditional aggregated model
361 (2)
15.5 Disaggregated models
363 (3)
15.6 Validation of models
366 (1)
15.7 Some examples of models
366 (10)
The Dutch National Model System
367 (5)
Quality of the model
372 (1)
DYNAMO
372 (2)
Activity-based model
374 (1)
Freight module in TRANS-TOOLS
375 (1)
15.8 What can and what can't a model be used for?
376 (3)
15.9 Conclusions
379 (4)
References
380 (3)
Index 383
Transporte impactos sobre las personas y las empresas de muchas maneras diferentes, y presenta algunos de los problemas clave que los tomadores de decisiones deben abordar. Este libro de texto introduce el sistema de transporte de una manera integral y multidisciplinar, que reúne a los componentes de una miríada de transporte. Este libro de texto está escrito para un público internacional de estudiantes de pregrado y postgrado en el transporte y otros temas relacionados, así como para los profesionales y tomadores de decisiones políticas a través de los sectores público y privado. Las características clave incluyen: La discusión de la importancia de la accesibilidad del transporte y los impactos del transporte sobre las cuestiones ambientales y de la política de seguridad en relación con todos los asuntos tratados y de las opciones futuras prescritos. Métodos de evaluación de transporte y métodos de modelización. Ejemplos para resaltar los vínculos entre los componentes del sistema de transporte - para las infraestructuras de ejemplo, el uso del suelo, las tecnologías de vehículos - y la importancia de estos vínculos para la toma de decisiones.
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